Ohalo II, the Upper Paleolithic Site on the Sea of Galilee

Ohalo II, the Upper Paleolithic Site on the Sea of Galilee Ohalo II is the name of a submerged late Upper Paleolithic (Kebaran) site located on the southwest shore of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) in the Rift Valley of Israel. The site was discovered in 1989 when the level of the lake plummeted. The site is 9 kilometers (5.5 miles) south of the modern city of Tiberias. The site covers an area of 2,000 square meters (about a half an acre), and the remains are of an extremely well-preserved hunter-gatherer-fisher camp. The site is typical of Kebaran sites, containing the floors and wall bases of six oval brush huts, six open-air hearths  and a human grave. The site was occupied during the Last Glacial Maximum, and has an occupation date between 18,000-21,000 RCYBP, or between 22,500 and 23,500 cal BP. Animal and Plant Remains Ohalo II is remarkable in that  since it had been submerged, the preservation of organic materials was excellent, providing very rare evidence of food sources for late Upper Paleolithic/Epipaleolithic communities. Animals represented by bones in the faunal assemblage include fish, tortoise, birds, hare, fox, gazelle, and deer. Polished bone points and several enigmatic bone tools were recovered, as were tens of thousands of seeds and fruits representing almost 100 taxa from the living surface. Plants include an assortment of herbs, low shrubs, flowers, and grasses, including wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum), mallow (Malva parviflora), groundsel (Senecio glaucus), thistle (Silybum marianum(), Melilotus indicus and a slew of others too numerous to mention here. The flowers at Ohalo II represent the earliest known use of flowers by Anatomically Modern Humans. Some may have been used for medicinal purposes. The edible remains are dominated by seeds from small-grained grasses and wild cereals, although nuts, fruits, and legumes are also present. Ohalos collections include over 100,000 seeds, including the earliest identification of emmer wheats [Triticum dicoccoides or T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (kà ¶rn.) Thell], in the form of several charred seeds. Other plants include wild almond (Amygdalus communis), wild olive (Olea europaea var sylvestris), wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica), and wild grape (Vitis vinifera spp sylvestris). Three fragments of twisted and plied fibers were discovered at Ohalo; they are the oldest evidence of string-making discovered yet. Living at Ohalo II The floors of the six brush huts were oval in shape, with an area of between 5-12 square meters (54-130 square feet), and the entrance-way from at least two was from the east. The largest hut was built of tree branches (tamarisk and oak) and covered by grasses. The floors of the huts were shallowly excavated prior to their construction. All of the huts were burned. The working surface of a grinding stone found at the site was covered with barley starch grains, indicating that at least some of the plants were processed for food or medicine. Plants in evidence on the stones surface include wheat, barley, and oats. But the majority of the plants are believed to represent the brush used for housing. Flint, bone and wooden tools, basalt net sinkers, and hundreds of shell beads made from mollusks brought from the Mediterranean Sea were also identified. The single grave at Ohalo II is an adult male, who had a disabled hand and a penetrating wound to his rib cage. A bone tool found near the skull is a piece of gazelle long bone incised with parallel markings. Ohalo II was discovered in 1989 when lake levels dropped. Excavations organized by the Israeli Antiquities Authority have continued at the site when lake levels permit, led by Dani Nadel. Sources Allaby RG, Fuller DQ, and Brown TA. 2008. The genetic expectations of a protracted model for the origins of domesticated crops. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(37):13982-13986. Kislev ME, Nadel D, and Carmi I. 1992. Epipalaeolithic (19,000 BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 73(1-4):161-166. Nadel D, Grinberg U, Boaretto E, and Werke E. 2006. Wooden objects from Ohalo II (23,000 cal BP), Jordan Valley, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 50(6):644-662. Nadel D, Piperno DR, Holst I, Snir A, and Weiss E. 2012. New evidence for the processing of wild cereal grains at Ohalo II, a 23 000-year-old campsite on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel . Antiquity 86(334):990-1003. Rosen AM, and Rivera-Collazo I. 2012. Climate change, adaptive cycles, and the persistence of foraging economies during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(10):3640-3645. Weiss E, Kislev ME, Simchoni O, Nadel D, and Tschauner H. 2008. Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(8):2400-2414.

Labor migration and remittances in the middle east

Labor migration and remittances in the middle east Introduction International migration is the movement of people across the global boundaries in pursuit of stability, establishment and personal growth. A research carried out by Alan and Philip indicated that this kind of movement has colossal implications in bolstering growth for both the origin and destination countries (2004.p.56). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Labor migration and remittances in the middle east specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Migration and Remittances Factbook almost two hundred million people live permanently outside their country of birth. The two key factors which have a massive implication on the migration partners are demographic factors and income differences. The issue of international migration garners massive advantages to all the parties involved in it however it has got its bottlenecks which must be tackled in order to minimize loss and abuse. In order for cou ntries to reap maximum benefits from intercontinental immigration, disruptive effects should be minimized so as to enhance the developmental impacts. Countries in the Middle East have for the past decade provided cheap labor for the developed countries through immigrants. In return they gain remittances earned by the immigrants based in the developed countries. Opponents of this trend have severely criticized it deeming it as oppressive abusing morality. These sentiments were particularly voiced because most of the learned expatriates were offered degrading menial jobs irrespective of their academic competence. The critics however fail to acknowledge the reality that immigrant literary jump at the opportunity of working in developed countries rather than waste their skills in their mother land where there are no jobs to come by. The past global financial hiccup gradually reduced the rates of immigrations at the same time stalling world economy growth. The big question that begs an answer is that, does immigration garner more benefits to the sending or the receiving country, and therefore should the trend be encouraged or disbanded? Effects On The Receiving Countries Increased economic growth: When the immigrants from developing countries flow into the developed countries such as US, Japan and Australia, they offer labor in the areas where it has been missing or deficient. When they are fully assimilated in the production or manufacturing system they contribute positively through increased labor thus causing the economy to grow.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Increased labor and labor force: Most developed countries are running short of the labor force especially in the technical and computer based jobs. This trend is very prevalent owing to the increased availability of new and modern companies in the event when immigrants come in, they help to fill in the place of missing labor and labor force in the industrial sector. Developed countries have surplus jobs, ranging from menial jobs to professional jobs which need laborers; by attaining easy and available labor from the developing countries, they are able to maximize on their production hence growth and advancement (Angrist Andrian, 2002.p.49). There are shared benefits accrued to movement of labor force through immigrants from the developing countries to the recipient developed countries. The developed countries cheaply obtain skilled labor force and utilize them in the production and the technical based jobs. As Moses (2001) notes, the trend of obtaining labor force from the developing countries is likely to increase due to the increased use of computer technology and the minimal availability of jobs in the developing countries (p.52). Increased technical skills: In essence developing countries import capital from other countries and this expands their production capacities helping them to have bounty in economic growth. There is a notable technological growth in the host countries owing to the influx of technical expatriates from the developing countries. The immigrants bring in the needed technical skills and help in broadening the spread of technical skills in the recipient countries. Reduced cost of production: increased work force afforded by the immigrants help the developed countries in provision of cheap labor in manufacturing and production companies so that their companies have a chance to grow as they can afford to easily expand as they cut down on the production cost. The developed countries have been working in consensus with the developing countries to erase the trade of labor exploitation so that the immigrants cross borders under secure conditions, they are offered good enumerations and that their working conditions are made cheap. This enhances benefit for both the developed and developing countries. In comparis on to other income flows to the developing countries remittance, inflows surpass private capital flows and authorized development aid (Smith Barry, 1997.p.32). When developed countries offer immigrants jobs they help in reducing the borrowing trend associated with the developing countries. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Labor migration and remittances in the middle east specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In many cases when people migrate and are adopted in other countries they tend to stay and send money back home. Mora and Taylor (2005) suggest that economic gains accrued to migration and remittances to Middle east countries garner more advantages for both the sending and the receiving countries and should thus be encouraged (p.70) Whilst the developing countries might have surplus labor force owing deficiency in industrial growth, the developed countries offer a solution to this deficiency by availing job opportunities to the immigrants from the developing countries affording them a chance to grow and enhance growth in their mother land. Receiving countries who import labor from the developing countries in the Middle East such as US, Canada and Australia garner myriad benefits since they are able to get the missing labor force from the high skilled immigrants from the developing countries. The immigrants offer a pool of diversified labor force which is normally affordable. The receiving countries afford job opportunities to the in flowing immigrants and this increases their productivity at the same time cutting down on cost of production, two factors which aid to bolster economic growth in the developed countries. Moreover, the presence of immigrants has a trickle effect on the general global economy. Effects On The Sending Countries. When people migrate and take their labor force to another country the trend is termed as brain drain this trend is also termed as human capital flight (Schiff,2002.p.64) There are innumerable reasons why people opt to leave their country of origin to pursue establishment and financial stability in other countries. Some reasons include internal conflicts, lack of job opportunities, presence of health hazards and general economic instability. In Middle East brain drain occurs because people are pursuing better working conditions, and good salary wages in the developing countries. For the past thirty years according to†¦many bright and prospective talented people have moved to developing countries in order to attain stability, security and financial break through. The flow in remittances garners a lot of foreign income for both the sending and the receiving countries. The receiving country obtains labor which translates to income and in return they pay their workers wages which are then siphoned to their country of origin translating to foreign income. Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sending countries have remittances as a source of private income, because the people who migrate to other countries earn money and send it back to their mother countries. This way the sending countries get direct source of foreign income through the immigrants. Foreign income enables them to advance and embrace growth which would have been impossible without the remittances. Remittance flows cannot be compared to aid flows and neither can they be treated as debts they form a direct source of stability and income to the sending countries. This is because the money is not taxed and neither is it repaired with interest like in the case with debts. Owing to the reduced cost of remittance flows the migrants families reap maximum benefits. When there is foreign income flow into the sending countries the level of consumption increases and this bolsters a country’s credit worthiness. When a country becomes credit worthy it becomes empowered to have external borrowings which furt her aid in economic advancement and growth. Research carried out in Middle East established that immigration improved the level of education in that young people left their countries and went to developed countries where they harnessed advanced education which affords good quality professionals to their home countries (SingerTandon, 1998.p.13). Another key benefit associated with immigration is increased savings which come as a result remittance in flows by the people who migrate to work outside the developing countries. There is also a notable trend of heightened macro economic stability. Stability comes as a result of money flowing from the immigrants in the developed countries. When people in the home countries get the remittances they are empowered to build their lives, acquire good education and improve their way of living. As a result of remittance inflows, in the Middle East people get capital which helps them to start up their own business enterprises hence there is increas ed entrepreneurship with trickle effect on the economic growth of the developing countries. In Middle East where the trend of poverty is highly prevalent, remittances help to assuage this trend since it affords people extra money which heightens their chances to acquire businesses or educational stability evading the pang of poverty. There is notable social inequality in the Middle East owing to diversity in culture and the myriad cultural factors miring the countries. When people are empowered financially they bridge the rift which creates social inequality creating a stable society Research has projected a perturbing trend that is arising due to the movement of people across the globe in pursuit of stability (Alan Philip, 2004). There is a looming prospect of demographic imbalances for instance the number of men going to the developed countries is increasingly high and this brings gender imbalance which may affects population growth and development. On the other hand there could be labor imbalance when all the young, educated and energetic young move to the developing countries laving the elderly who are unable to produce labor force in high magnitude A huge mass of the immigrants from the Middle East is siphoned to developing countries like The US, Europe, Japan, UAE and Canada. Most of the people hired from Middle East find place in the receiving countries in the production and transport sector a small percentage is normally absorbed in the technical and the professional field. The major challenge broaching the Middle East countries as far as migration and remittance are concerned is brain drain. A lot of the young people have been compelled to think that the only way they can make it in life is by moving to the developed countries, this they do at the peril o their developing countries. It’s unfortunate that the people who move out to the developed countries form the top cream of the developing countries and this deprives them of the profession al human resource. This challenge poses a perturbing dilemma to the developing countries because the graduates are siphoned out a lot of resource is wasted to bring up such individuals yet the countries don’t reap the anticipated benefits. When young people are brain drained the resources invested in them in order to attain education are wasted since they are never ploughed back into the economy. It must however be noted that the immigrants who leave their countries to pursue better opportunities in the developed countries also remit funds to their mother countries hence the loss is minimal. There is great fear that once young people get to put their attained skills into better use in destination countries. The developing countries cannot however blame young people for pursuing their professional careers in other countries because they have failed to offer the much needed job opportunities to the young vibrant generation. Conclusion There have been many arguments extended to gainsay the very trendy immigration drift which has been increasing at a spiraling spate. Critics have it that the trend causes brain drain and deprives the developing countries in Middle East of their best available human resources. Obviously, there are myriad issued accrued to this trend which raise a lot of concern; it must however, be noted that immigration and remittance play a massive role in filling in the gap where the developed countries have failed. Whilst, the developing countries have labor force they lack the mechanism and the market to assimilate them hence immigrations comes in hardy to solve the crisis offering jobs and foreign remittances. It can therefore be stated that both the receiving and the sending countries mutually benefit from this symbiotic kind of relation the only measure necessary is for the both groups to agree and set up a platform on which to operate so that non of the parties is exploited or misused in the trade. Ultimately the whole globe stands to befit from the advantages accrued to immigration and remittances in the international trade. References Angrist, J Adriana K. (2002). Is the European Labour Market Protective or Counter-Productive? Centre for Economic Policy Research: London. Alan J. and Philip O. (2004). Understanding the monetary Impact of U.S. Immigration. Journal On American Economic Review Vol 23 p 123-125 Mora, G, and Taylor J. (2005). How to Determine Migration, objective and Sector Choice. DC: World Bank. Moses, J. (2001). The Economic of the Labor pool In the International Market. The Institute for the Study of Civil Society: London. Schiff, M (2002). Trade, Migration and Welfare. The Impact of Social Capital.Vol 36, 13-52 Singer, N. and Tandon R. (1998). (eds.) Globalization and the International Labor Trend. Journal of Technology, and Trade in the 21st Century. New Delhi: B. R. Publishers. Smith, P., and Barry E. (1997). Americans new economic perspective: Economic, Demographic and financial Effects of Immigration. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Definition of Assemblage - Art History Glossary

Definition of Assemblage - Art History Glossary (noun) - As one familiar with the word assembly might assume, assemblage is a form of sculpture comprised of found objects arranged in such a way that they create a piece. These objects can be anything organic or man-made. Scraps of wood, stones, old shoes, baked bean cans and a discarded baby buggy - or any of the other 84,000,000 items not here mentioned by name - all qualify for inclusion in an assemblage. Whatever catches the artists eye, and fits properly in the composition to make a unified whole, is fair game. The important thing to know about assemblage is that it is supposed to be three-dimensional and different from collage, which is supposed to be two-dimensional (though both are similarly eclectic in nature and composition). But! Theres a really fine, nearly invisible line between a bulky, multi-layered collage and an assemblage done in extremely shallow relief. In this large, grey area between assemb- and col-, the safest course is to take the artists word for it. Pronunciation: ah ·sem ·blahj Also Known As: construction, bricolage, collage (inaccurately), sculpture Examples: Lets save many thousands of words here and look at some pictures of assemblages done by different artists. Raoul Hausmann: Mechanical Head (Spirit of Our Age), ca. 1920Man Ray: , 1964 (replica of 1923 original)Louise Nevelson: , 1957Meret Oppenheim: , 1936Kurt Schwitters: Broad Schmurchel (Breite Schmurchel), 1924Joseph Cornell: Navigating the ImaginationRobert Rauschenberg: Combines (Exhibition Image Gallery)

History of the English Cutlery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of the English Cutlery - Essay Example Forks do not have a very ancient history like knives or spoons as it is considered to be a very recent invention. It is very surprising that we humans are still in the process of learning how to utilize this modern eating utensil. To my utter surprise, it is also said that the way we use a fork can also tell a lot about our personality and major concerns of life such as religion, manliness, inner traits etc. Knives and spoons are the initial forms of eating utensils. Knives that resembled hand-held ax were used in olden times to scrape off meat whereas spoons were used to dig in liquids. The first use of forks is seen during the Greek empire that used large forks to take food out of the big boiling pots. It should be noted here that in the Greek empire the use of fork was limited and it did not make its way to their dining table and most people preferred to use their hands, spoons or knives. The reason why folks were not used by the people was that of the shape it had and the name it bore. A fork resembles a devils pitchfork from which it also derived its name. The association of the fork with the devil has bought a sense of hatred amongst the people. A Venetian princess used to use forks to eat as she didn’t like to eat through her hands. When the princess died plague many people considered it to be a reprimand by the almighty for her act of arrogance. Such myths were always associated with the use of forks in olden times. During the middle ages, the trend changed when from Byzantine the use of cutlery traveled to France. In France, there was a monarch who had a brutal image amongst the people. She was fond of food, therefore, arranged such gatherings where food was always under the limelight. In these gatherings, spoons and knives were used for the feast but on some occasions, forks were also used to have sweets. Such occasions were quite seldom.

Operational skills Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Operational skills - Case Study Example Compliance with patient management protocols is incorrect when it compromises patient safety. To enhance the operating room effectiveness, the caregivers compliance to patient management protocols must not compromise patient safety. Instrumentation sterilization in Stanfords Hospital may compromise patient safety, and, therefore, any compliance to such a patient management protocol would be incorrect. Protocols provide clinical guide towards clinical care and encourages professional guidance to patients hence leading to improved compliance (Ray and Griffith, 2010). The guidelines and regulations provided in the protocols ensure that the caregivers are consistent in the management of clinic patients, a clear sign of compliance with the protocols. Functional protocols are different to the extent that they are aimed at ensuring quality ans safety through standardizing care process. Through the standardized care process, functional protocols are aimed at ensuring the use of safe, reliable as well as patient-centered care instruments and elements (Ray and Griffith, 2010). The application of functional protocols in Stanfords Hospital would see the implementation of a standardized care process that would prevent instrument

Photography Career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Photography Career - Essay Example This market is abroad and it will depend on a photographer on which sector to work. He or she should decide whether to take photos for magazines. This an amazing career because one is able to travel a lot and he or she is able to explore the world. He is also able to intermingle with people from different parts of the world. Also the financial rewards attached to photography is that they have highly paid careers as compared to others. It also has created opportunities associated with it. A photographer need to do a range of things, such as speculation, cards , books, stock photography and personal projects. This market in this modern world is so wide is no the same as it used to be. It is so vital for a photographer to have good business intelligence in order to succeed. One needs to keep a daily job schedule , look for a market for his or her work and also employ your career and marketing wants. Photographers should research on the market needs and demands, they will do this by verifying the actual needs of their targets. One should have broad categories to work on beyond travel photography where they may find new markets to suit their job. It depends on the type of individual for one to enjoy life as a travel photographer. He or she should make money out of it. They should be keen on observing and maintaining those special moments. Also in the current world it helps one to advance his skills on computers and technology. It also helps them to be able to balance enjoying work time and operating with people. An example of a noted international role model Chris Mclennan. He is from the south island of New Zealand though most of his time he spends on his travelling photographic jobs across the globe to serve his many clients. He has brought success of this industry image due to the expression of his skills. He is also a role model and mentor in this field. He is always willing to to share his expertise in

Health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Assessment - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  a health assessment is not a treatment but rather an evaluation and analysis of an individual’s health status in relation to the health continuum. A health assessment is done majorly for various purposes. First, a health assessment is done to establish a good relationship between a nurse and his or her patient. Secondly, the assessment aids the health care professionals to establish a patient’s potential and actual problems in addition to his/her strengths and weaknesses. On a broader spectrum, a health assessment lays the foundation for the nursing process. Subsequently, the data gathered from this process is used by nurses to diagnose problems that need nursing care.This paper discusses that separate health assessment into physical assessment and history assessment. History as a concept is significant since health tends to occur on a continuum. It is commonly understood in the nursing/ healthcare industry that focusing on the histor y of the patient provides critical data to the nurses. The level of healthcare assessment is dependent on the healthcare practitioner. However, majorly the focus is mainly bio psychosocial in general. For example, if a patient is in the emergency room, the main focus will be on the chief complaint and how to aid the patient recover. If the patient suffers from a heart attack, then initially the focus will be directed on the physical/biological problem.